YURISDIKSI NEGARA KEPULAUAN DI AMBANG KRISIS : TINJAUAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP PERMANENSI BATAS MARITIM AKIBAT KENAIKAN PERMUKAAN AIR LAUT

Abstrak

Kenaikan permukaan laut akibat perubahan iklim global menimbulkan ancaman serius bagi negara kepulauan, terutama terkait keberlanjutan yurisdiksi dan kepastian batas maritim. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji respons hukum internasional terhadap kemungkinan berubah atau hilangnya batas maritim akibat tenggelamnya garis pantai dan pulau kecil. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui analisis instrumen hukum internasional, doktrin, dan praktik negara. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ketentuan dalam United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) belum secara tegas mengatur perubahan garis pangkal akibat kenaikan permukaan laut, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Namun, praktik internasional mulai mengarah pada prinsip stabilitas batas maritim dengan mempertahankan batas yang telah ada. Selain itu, berkembang pula gagasan garis pangkal tetap (fixed baselines) sebagai solusi untuk melindungi kedaulatan negara kepulauan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengembangan hukum internasional yang lebih responsif serta didukung kerja sama internasional.

Sea level rise as a consequence of global climate change poses a serious threat to archipelagic states, particularly regarding the sustainability of jurisdiction and the certainty of maritime boundaries. This study aims to examine how international law responds to the potential alteration or loss of maritime boundaries caused by the submergence of coastlines and small islands. The method used is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, through the analysis of international legal instruments, doctrines, and state practices. The findings indicate that the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) do not explicitly regulate changes to baselines resulting from sea level rise, leading to legal uncertainty. However, international practice has begun to recognize the principle of maritime boundary stability, which seeks to maintain established boundaries despite geographical changes. In addition, the concept of fixed baselines has emerged as an alternative solution to safeguard state sovereignty and sovereign rights. Therefore, further development of international law is needed to be more adaptive and responsive, supported by international cooperation.