SOFT LAW DALAM REZIM PERUBAHAN IKLIM INTERNASIONAL: ANALISIS TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

Abstrak

Perubahan iklim telah bertransformasi menjadi tantangan eksistensial bagi tatanan hukum internasional, yang menuntut kerja sama kolektif lintas negara melalui mekanisme global common concern of humankind. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membedah karakteristik soft law dalam rezim perubahan iklim internasional dan menganalisis implikasinya terhadap doktrin tanggung jawab negara (state responsibility). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, penelitian ini menelaah instrumen seperti UNFCCC, Protokol Kyoto, dan Perjanjian Paris. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa soft law merupakan instrumen pragmatis yang menawarkan fleksibilitas melalui diksi aspiratif (hortatory provisions) untuk menghindari risiko litigasi internasional seketika dan hambatan birokrasi domestik. Meskipun secara formal bersifat non-binding, soft law memiliki daya tekan sistemik melalui tekanan moral, politik, dan reputasi. Dalam perspektif tanggung jawab negara, terjadi pergeseran paradigma di mana negara diposisikan sebagai pemegang amanah publik (public trustee). Tanggung jawab negara kini tidak lagi hanya diukur dari hasil akhir (obligation of result), melainkan pada upaya sungguh-sungguh (due diligence) dan itikad baik negara dalam mematuhi standar perilaku (standard of conduct) yang tertuang dalam soft law. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa soft law berhasil mentransformasi hakikat pertanggungjawaban negara dari bentuk konfrontatif klasik menjadi akuntabilitas kooperatif berbasis transparansi dan kepatuhan prosedural demi keberlanjutan aksi iklim kolektif.

Climate change has become an existential challenge for the international legal order, demanding collective cooperation among states through global mechanisms addressing a common concern of humankind. This article aims to examine the characteristics of soft law within the international climate change regime and analyze its implications for the doctrine of state responsibility. This study employs a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach, examining instruments such as the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The results of the analysis indicate that soft law is a pragmatic instrument that offers flexibility through aspirational language (hortatory provisions) to avoid the risk of immediate international litigation and domestic bureaucratic obstacles. Although formally non-binding, soft law exerts systemic pressure through moral, political, and reputational pressure. From the perspective of state responsibility, a paradigm shift has occurred in which the state is positioned as a public trustee. A state’s responsibility is no longer measured solely by the final outcome (obligation of result), but rather by its sincere efforts (due diligence) and good faith in adhering to the standards of conduct enshrined in soft law. This study concludes that soft law has successfully transformed the nature of state responsibility from a classic confrontational form into cooperative accountability based on transparency and procedural compliance for the sustainability of collective climate action.