PENYALAHGUNAAN WEWENANG DALAM MUTASI APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA PASCA-PILKADA: BATASAN KOMPETENSI PEJABAT PEMBINA KEPEGAWAIAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 30 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG ADMINISTRASI PEMERINTAHAN

Abstrak

Pasca-penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) serentak, profesionalisme dan netralitas Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) sering kali didera oleh fenomena mutasi massal yang sarat akan kepentingan politik balas budi (spoil system). Kepala Daerah terpilih selaku Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian (PPK) kerap menyalahgunakan wewenang diskresinya untuk menyingkirkan aparatur yang dianggap tidak loyal selama kontestasi politik berlangsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis parameter yuridis terjadinya penyalahgunaan wewenang (détournement de pouvoir) dalam mutasi ASN pasca-Pilkada berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, serta memetakan konstruksi perlindungan hukum bagi ASN melalui ranah peradilan administrasi negara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan mutasi oleh PPK dikategorikan sebagai penyalahgunaan wewenang apabila melanggar batas kompetensi waktu (ratione temporis) enam bulan sebelum dan sesudah Pilkada tanpa persetujuan tertulis Menteri Dalam Negeri, mengalami cacat prosedur akibat pengabaian merit system dari Tim Penilai Kinerja PNS, serta cacat substansi karena bergesernya tujuan murni undang-undang demi kepentingan politik subjektif yang menabrak Asas Ketidakberpihakan dan Asas Kecermatan dalam AAUPB. Upaya perlindungan hukum represif mewajibkan ASN korban mutasi politik untuk menyelesaikan mekanisme upaya administratif (keberatan dan banding administratif ke BPASN) sebagai syarat kompetensi absolut pra-peradilan sebelum mengajukan gugatan ke Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN). Melalui kontrol yudisial, hakim PTUN berwenang membatalkan SK mutasi yang cacat hukum dan memerintahkan tindakan rehabilitasi jabatan guna memulihkan hak-hak ASN ke posisi semula (restitutio in integrum), di mana eksistensi sanksi administratif dan uang paksa dalam UU AP kini menjadi daya paksa vital dalam mengatasi fenomena pembangkangan hukum (state disobedience) oleh Kepala Daerah.

This Following the implementation of simultaneous regional head elections (Pilkada), the professionalism and neutrality of Civil Servants (ASN) are frequently compromised by mass transfers driven by political patronage or the spoil system. Elected regional heads, as Civil Service Personnel Officers (PPK), often abuse their discretionary powers to eliminate personnel deemed disloyal during the political contest. This study aims to analyze the juridical parameters of the abuse of authority (détournement de pouvoir) in post-election civil servant transfers under Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration, and to map out the framework of legal protection for civil servants within the realm of the administrative court. This study employs a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that transfer actions by the PPK are classified as an abuse of authority if they violate the time competence limitation (ratione temporis) of six months before and after the election without written approval from the Minister of Home Affairs, suffer from procedural defects due to the disregard of the merit system evaluated by the Civil Servant Performance Assessment Team, and contain substantial defects because the genuine purpose of the law is shifted for subjective political interests, which violates the Principles of Impartiality and Principles of Carefulness within the General Principles of Good Government (AAUPB). Represive legal protection requires civil servants affected by political transfers to exhaust administrative remedies (objections and administrative appeals to BPASN) as an absolute pre-litigation competence requirement before filing a lawsuit to the State Administrative Court (PTUN). Through judicial control, PTUN judges are authorized to void unlawful transfer decrees and order job rehabilitation to restore civil servants' rights to their original positions (restitutio in integrum), where the existence of administrative sanctions and forced fines (dwangsom) under the Government Administration Law serves as a vital coercive power to overcome the phenomenon of state disobedience by regional heads.