HARMONISASI HUKUM PIDANA ADAT BADUY DAN PENDEKATAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM PENYELESAIAN PERKARA PIDANA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2023 TENTANG KUHP

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis titik temu dan perbedaan penerapan keadilan restoratif dalam KUHP baru dengan praktik hukum pidana adat Baduy, serta merumuskan model harmonisasi yang dapat diterapkan secara pragmatis dan sensitif terhadap kearifan lokal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah empiris-normatif dengan melakukan kajian terhadap aspek norma hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan dan melakukan kajian penerapan hukum di masyarakat secara langsung melalui wawancara, observasi partisipatif, dan etnografi hukum langsung terhadap proses penyelesaian perkara pidana adat Baduy untuk selanjutnya hasil penelitian akan dijabarkan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam kesatuan masyarakat adat Baduy telah lama menerapkan prinsip restorative justice secara substansial melalui mekanisme musyawarah, penyelesaian di tingkat keluarga, tanggung jawab komunal, dan pemulihan keseimbangan sosial dengan mengedepankan prinsip silih hampura. Analisis terhadap KUHP baru menunjukkan adanya kesesuaian konseptual antara prinsip keadilan restoratif dalam Pasal 51 huruf (c) dengan praktik hukum adat Baduy, khususnya dalam aspek pemulihan sosial, perdamaian, dan keterlibatan masyarakat. Namun, ditemukan pula potensi konflik normatif ketika KUHP baru menempatkan proses hukum secara prosedural, sementara hukum adat Baduy bertumpu pada nilai spiritual, keseimbangan kosmos, dan legitimasi adat. Dengan demikian hukum pidana adat Baduy dapat menjadi prototipe penerapan restorative justice dalam sistem hukum nasional, sehingga KUHP baru berpotensi menjadi jembatan antara hukum negara dan hukum adat menuju keadilan yang lebih humanis dan berkeadilan sosial.

This study aims to analyze the points of convergence and divergence in the application of restorative justice between the new Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) and the customary criminal law practices of the Baduy indigenous community, as well as to formulate a harmonization model that can be applied pragmatically and with sensitivity to local wisdom. The research employs an empirical–normative method by examining legal norms and statutory regulations, as well as conducting direct studies of law implementation within the community through interviews, participatory observation, and legal ethnography of the Baduy customary criminal dispute resolution process. The research findings are subsequently presented through qualitative descriptive analysis. The results indicate that the Baduy indigenous community has long substantively implemented the principles of restorative justice through mechanisms of deliberation, family-level dispute resolution, communal responsibility, and the restoration of social balance by prioritizing the principle of silih hampura (mutual forgiveness). An analysis of the new Criminal Code demonstrates conceptual alignment between the principle of restorative justice as stipulated in Article 51 letter (c) and the Baduy customary legal practices, particularly in terms of social restoration, reconciliation, and community involvement. However, the study also identifies potential normative conflicts arising from the procedural orientation of the new Criminal Code, whereas Baduy customary law is grounded in spiritual values, cosmic balance, and customary legitimacy. Accordingly, Baduy customary criminal law may serve as a prototype for the implementation of restorative justice within the national legal system, positioning the new Criminal Code as a potential bridge between state law and customary law toward a more humane and socially just conception of justice.